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This article is about the continent. For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation)
Europe is a continent[t] located entirely in the Northern 😊 Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean 😊 to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east. Europe shares the landmass of Eurasia 😊 with Asia, and of Afro-Eurasia with both Asia and Africa.[10][11] Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by 😊 the watershed of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Greater Caucasus, the Black Sea, and the 😊 waterways of the Turkish straits.[12]
Europe covers about 10.18 million km2 (3.93 million sq mi), or 2% of Earth's surface (6.8% 😊 of land area), making it the second-smallest continent (using the seven-continent model). Politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign 😊 states, of which Russia is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its 😊 population. Europe had a total population of about 745 million (about 10% of the world population) in 2024; the third-largest 😊 after Asia and Africa.[2][3] The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on 😊 much of the continent, even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe. Further from 😊 the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast.
European culture is the root of Western civilisation, which 😊 traces its lineage back to ancient Greece and ancient Rome.[13][14] The fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE 😊 and the related Migration Period marked the end of Europe's ancient history, and the beginning of the Middle Ages. The 😊 Italian Renaissance began in Florence and spread to the rest of the continent, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, exploration, 😊 art, and science which contributed to the beginning of the modern era. Since the Age of Discovery, led by Spain 😊 and Portugal, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs with multiple explorations and conquests around the world. Between the 😊 16th and 20th centuries, European powers colonised at various times the Americas, almost all of Africa and Oceania, and the 😊 majority of Asia.
The Age of Enlightenment, the French Revolution, and the Napoleonic Wars shaped the continent culturally, politically and economically 😊 from the end of the 17th century until the first half of the 19th century. The Industrial Revolution, which began 😊 in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to radical economic, cultural and social change in 😊 Western Europe and eventually the wider world. Both world wars began and were fought to a great extent in Europe, 😊 contributing to a decline in Western European dominance in world affairs by the mid-20th century as the Soviet Union and 😊 the United States took prominence.[15] During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the 😊 West and the Warsaw Pact in the East, until the Revolutions of 1989, the fall of the Berlin Wall, and 😊 the dissolution of the Soviet Union.